Shih Tzu
A complete guide to the Shih Tzu, covering their history, specific health risks like brachycephaly, grooming needs, and actual life expectancy data.
11 to 15 years is the typical lifespan for a Shih Tzu, with recent UK studies suggesting 12.8 years and some Japanese data reaching 15, though this varies significantly by breeding quality.
This range hides a complex reality where the breed's most distinctive features, the "lion-like" head and short nose, are also the source of its most serious health challenges. While they are beloved companions, the Shih Tzu requires a specific commitment to grooming and health monitoring that differs from many other toy breeds.
Physical standards and the "owl head"
The Shih Tzu is a sturdy little dog, not a fragile toy, standing no more than 26.7 cm (10 1⁄2 inches) at the withers with an ideal weight between 4.0 and 7.5 kg (9 to 17 lbs).
Its most defining feature is the "owl head" or "lion head" shape, characterized by a large, round skull set high with a face that looks forward or up. This head shape includes a required underbite, often described in Chinese tradition as a "frog mouth" with "earthworm lips." The eyes are large and dark brown, set to face the front, and the floppy ears are covered in long hair that matches the soft, long double coat. This coat, which can be any color though white with grey blazes is common, mats easily and requires brushing at least every two to three days to prevent tangles.
History of the "lion dog"
The name Shih Tzu comes from the Mandarin word for "lion," reflecting the breed's origin as a dog bred to resemble the sacred lions of traditional oriental art and Buddhist mythology.
Historically, these dogs were favorites of the Chinese royals during the Ming Dynasty and were so prized that they were not sold, traded, or given away for years. The Dowager Empress Cixi developed a dedicated breeding program, and court eunuchs also bred them to win favor. While often called the "Tibetan Lion Dog," the debate over whether the breed is Tibetan or Chinese remains a source of contention among historians. The first dogs were imported to Europe in the 1920s and 1930s, with Lady Brownrigg bringing two to England in 1928. Initially classified as "Apsos," they were re-categorized as Shih Tzu after the first European standard was written in 1935, following a realization at Crufts in 1933 that they were distinct from Tibetan Terriers and Apsos. The breed was recognized by the American Kennel Club in 1969 and is currently the 20th most popular breed in the US, though it held the 11th spot in 2012.
Brachycephaly and breathing mechanics
The Shih Tzu's short nose, a feature of brachycephaly, causes breathing difficulties known as Brachycephalic Airway Obstruction Syndrome (BAOS) that affect their quality of life.
The shortened muzzle leads to three specific anatomical issues: stenotic nares (nostrils that are too close together), an elongated soft palate, and tracheal hypoplasia (a narrow windpipe). These factors create a cycle where increased respiratory effort further narrows the trachea, potentially leading to laryngeal collapse. Dogs with this condition struggle with exercise, are prone to heat stroke due to ineffective evaporative cooling, and often have trouble sleeping. This is not merely a cosmetic issue but a physiological constraint that requires careful management of their environment and activity levels.
Eye vulnerabilities and tear stains
Eye issues are extremely common in Shih Tzus, affecting them at any age and becoming more frequent in older dogs.
The breed's distinctive large eyes are easily scratched, which can lead to ulcers, while the fur on the eyelids often scratches the conjunctiva and cornea, causing epiphora (excessive tearing) and the characteristic tear stains. Older Shih Tzus are prone to cataracts, which can lead to blindness if not surgically corrected. A study from Japan found that while Shih Tzus make up only 8.2% of the dog population, they account for 16% of all glaucoma cases. Most veterinarians recommend eye drops for irritations, and the excessive tear production is a frequent complaint that requires medicated care to manage.
Hereditary health risks
Beyond the structural issues of the face and eyes, the Shih Tzu faces specific hereditary risks including heart disease and liver conditions.
Mitral valve disease is the most common heart condition in the breed and can lead to congestive heart failure, a risk that is higher in smaller dogs. A UK study also identified a 4.02 times greater risk of impaired hepatic perfusion in Shih Tzus compared to other dogs, a condition resulting in reduced blood flow to the liver. The popularity of the breed has unfortunately led to periods of poor breeding, resulting in generalized and lifelong diseases that can appear from a fairly early age. Ear infections are also a recurring issue due to the long hair growing inside the ear canal, requiring regular plucking and cleaning to prevent serious complications.
Temperament and the lap dog role
The Shih Tzu is a classic lap dog, defined by its small size and temperament predisposed to companionship rather than work.
Historically, lap dogs have been kept by those with the resources for a non-productive animal, serving as status symbols and fashion accessories. Genetic analysis confirms that the Shih Tzu, like the Pekingese and Lhasa Apso, is one of the oldest breeds of dog to live with people, with ancestors dating back to the Imperial Palace. They are docile companion dogs with no working function other than companionship, often retaining puppy-like traits such as a high forehead and short muzzle. While some breeders have pushed for extreme neoteny, the breed's primary role remains that of a devoted, friendly partner.